Reflection about the yellow wallpaper story Essay

Reflection about the yellow backdrop story - Essay Example The lady is experiencing a state of anxious misery that altogether influences her public activity. At the point when she returns to the house that her better half had purchased, she feels that there was something eccentric about the chateau, which had for such a long time had no tenants. Her significant other who is her primary care physician limits her in a room upstairs on the grounds that as he said the treatment the lady necessitated that she occupied with no action and especially disallow her from composing and working. This was done so she could accomplish mental prosperity. Isolated from any type of scholarly incitement and just her diary the lady begins a plunge into fixation. The lady gets into a sort of obsession with the yellow backdrop on the divider, this happens to be the main visual incitement present inside the room and around her control. Because of the detachment, the lady starts to see that there was another lady endeavoring to break free who was sneaking in the room behind the backdrop. In an offer to save the detained lady, the storyteller tears down bits of the backdrop to liberate her. This story mirrors the accepted practices present in the nineteenth century where the ladylike sex was relied upon to satisfy obligations of being moms and spouses and be content with the domain of men over them. Ladies were subsequently bound to spend exclusively their lives in local circles. Despite the fact that John can be seen the predominant antagonist of the story; he is simply yet an impression of the general public that pushed ladies to the most minimal society level when they attempted to enter the manly

Lincoln Douglas Debates

Lincoln Douglas Debates Lincoln Douglas discusses are those discussions between Stephen Douglas, who held the situation of a Senator as a Democratic Party competitor, and Abraham Lincoln, who was the Republican contender for Senate in Illinois. These two chiefs were challenging for political race into the U.S. Senate in 1858. Lincoln was restricting Douglas who needed to be reappointed. The two chiefs were seeking command over Illinois governing body. The primary theme that was contended in these discussions was slavery.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Lincoln Douglas Debates explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Douglas was not well known on one hand while then again Lincoln was mainstream since he had held battles before. They held seven primary discussions in their crusades. One of the discussions was held at Washington Square, Ottawa. They additionally held another discussion in Freeport where in excess of 15,000 individuals joined in (Lincoln-Douglas Debates 2). Diffe rent discussions were held at Coles County Fairgrounds, Union County Fairgrounds, Broadway and Market Street, Old Main, and Washington Park. Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas had faith in restricting thoughts. As per Lincoln, opportunity and subjugation can never be perfect (Murrin et al 549). As such, Lincoln accepted that its absolutely impossible we could have opportunity and simultaneously we have bondage. Each can just win at once. This was the principle topic for banters among Douglas and Lincoln in 1858. In his battles, Lincoln utilized a typical trademark that â€Å"A house separated against itself can't stand.† (Murrin et al 549). He was suggesting that the sitting government couldn't win any more. At the end of the day, Lincoln contended that since the overall government framework was half opportunity and half subjugation, it couldn't last for all time. It was going to crumple. These two contradicting frameworks are unreasonable inside a similar government. There was a small amount of the individuals who were supporting for sanctioning of subjection in all the states. Then again, the republicans were against subjection since they thought it was not plausible with opportunity. They needed to battle subjugation totally. Lincoln remarked that their point was to keep away from the development of subjection just as setting it in a circumstance where the general population would be free and sure that it could never frequent them again (Murrin et al 549). In response to this, Douglas addressed Lincoln’s contention that subjugation can't coincide with opportunity. Douglas remarked that he didn’t know the explanation which could keep a nation from making due with both opportunity and subjugation since the equivalent had just made due for 70years (Murrin et al 549). Douglas clarified that Lincoln’s contention was not sensible since it would trigger the Southern individuals to pull back from the steady association. He remarked that despite the fact that he was not upholding for subjection, the individuals from the Southern states picked it and in this way it was their entitlement to have it (Murrin et al 549).Advertising Looking for exposition on history? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In their warmed discussion, Lincoln addressed Douglas on the legitimateness of his contentions. Lincoln asked Douglas whether there could be any route through which servitude couldn’t exist without damaging the then constitution (Nicolay 90). Douglas reacted this could occur. Individuals have a legitimate option to incorporate or prohibit servitude. As indicated by Douglas, subjection couldn't exist except if upheld by the police. In their discussions, Douglas contended that liberating of slaves in Illinois suggest balance of the considerable number of individuals in spite of their race. By annulling subjugation, the Negroes would appreciate the rights and bene fits of the citizenship. On raising this announcement, the group demonstrated a ton of resistance to the circumstance where Negroes would appreciate equivalent rights with the locals. Because of Douglas’s claims, Lincoln remarked that he was neither pushing for political nor the social equity of races. He contended that â€Å"ultimate extinction† can't occur unexpectedly; slaves need to emigrate from the country† (Murrin et al 549). In their discussions, Lincoln and Douglas were contrasting in their perspectives concerning the blacks who were for the most part slaves. Lincoln supported for the blacks while Douglas was against them. Lincoln contended that the blacks must be permitted to appreciate the regular rights which had been proposed through the assertion of autonomy. Each individual reserved the privilege to freedom and subjection was an infringement of the black’s freedom. Lincoln felt that there was no chance this assertion could be clung to with p redominance of subjection. Lincoln reprimanded Douglas for demonstrating less worry on the issue of subjection. Truth be told, Douglas asserted that he was not anticipating seeing subjection reach a conclusion. He demanded that this plan needed to get by for the southern states. The predominant solidarity among the states would be meddled with on the off chance that subjugation foundation was nullified. Taking everything into account, this conversation has plainly broke down Lincoln Douglas discussions of 1858. The focal topic of their discussions as of now observed was subjugation. The two competitors utilized this as a motto in their crusades. Lincoln felt that the predominant government where Douglas was the pioneer couldn't last since it coordinated subjection and opportunity. Then again, Douglas suggested that such an administration could keep on getting by since it had made due in the past 70 years. Lincoln-Douglas Debates. â€Å"Lincoln-Douglas Debates of 1858.† Illino iscivilwar, 2007. 24 Feb. 2011. illinoiscivilwar.org/debates.htmlAdvertising We will compose a custom paper test on Lincoln Douglas Debates explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Murrin, John et al. Freedom, Equality, Power, a History of the American People. fifth ed. Boston: Cengage Learning, 2007. Nicolay, G. John. Abraham Lincoln: A History, Volume 2. Middlesex: Echo Library, 2007.

Among the hiddenâ€Reader’s report Free Essays

Bolometer The book I read is Among the shrouded Which is composed by Margaret Peterson Haddam. This book was distributed by Simon Schuster Children’s Publishing in 1998. It is a sci-fi book Which has around 150 pages. We will compose a custom paper test on Among the hiddenâ€Reader’s report or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now My initial introduction of this book is that it is a miserable story in light of the fact that the spread page is made up by cool tone. The story occurs later on which begins with Lake’s birthday in Lake’s home. With another lodging advancement supplanting the forested areas close to his family cultivate, he is no longer permitted to head outside. There is a law about every family can just have tow kids. Luke has carried on with as long as he can remember secluded from everything since he is a shadow youngster, a third kid taboo by the populace police. Luke appreciates his siblings so much since they can go to class and play with companions outside. This setting makes me feeling puzzling and burdensome. Until one day, he discover there is an other shadow youngster in his neighbor’s family. She is Jean, the maker of a talk space for shadow kids visiting with one another. They become companions not long after they meet. Jean sorts out an assembly Which many shadow youngsters are going to dissent the government’s populace law, however Luck doesn't take an interest in the convention that day as a result of dread. After the meeting day, Luck can not contact with Jean for seven days. He is on edge to the point that he breaks in Jean’s house. He meets Jean’s father in the house who reveals to him an engaging news Jean and other shadow youngsters were executed by populace police. At that point, Jean’s father helps Luck getting away from populace police’ pursue. At long last, they accomplish to make a phony I. D for Luck. On this story, the primary clash is individual versus society. All the shadow kids are unlawful, however they never stop the battle for opportunity. The two fundamental character for the story are Luck and Jean. Karma is a little bone and delicate looking kid. Right off the bat, I think he is a faithful kid. He never ignore his parents’ request about stowing away. He doesn't ask much about for what valid reason he need to covered up even he is extremely reluctant. Besides, he is an individual of constancy. He watch his neighbors each day. So he can know every one of his neighbors. What's more, that’s why he can discover Jean when he saw the light in her home after the entirety of her family members are going out. Jean is the most great individual I have perused in this story. She is thin and has a short hair. She is gutsy to such an extent that she sorts out the convention at an amazing danger. Also, she is extremely not too bad that she needs all the shadow kids have a similar right with the ordinary individuals. She is dead a result of attempting to fight the extremist government. As I would see it, the explanation writer compose this book is to tell the youngsters how blessedness they are currently. Contrasting and these shadow youngsters who are not acknowledged by the general public, we are extremely fortunate. This book make me happening to China. China is a nation have that populace law, yet not as genuine as the book portrays. The family who have more kids in China need to pay a fine. That discloses to us every thing has its cutoff. In the event that the overspent is so exacting at populace law, it will be a disaster for somebody. In the event that the legislature do this sensible, it will be something worth being thankful for to everybody. The significant quality for peruser to peruse this book is that the survey is exceptionally thrilling Which you will never comprehend what will occur. The shortcoming is that it is a dismal story. Jean is dead toward the end, it doesn't make peruser feeling glad. I will prescribe this book to my companions since it can instruct them to love their life. I think if an individual feels forlorn and receptive by society, he can resound with the kids in the book and he will like this book. Step by step instructions to refer to Among the hiddenâ€Reader’s report, Papers

Individual Identity Locke on the Sameness of a Being - Literature Essay Samples

In defining sameness of a being, Locke distinguishes between the idea of the same man and the same person. Although he acknowledges that the words are often used interchangeably, he states that person is in fact representative of personal identity, which is defined by consciousness alone, and is completely separate from the material body. Each individual has a personal identity defined by his unique motions or thoughts; although two people may make the same motion, or have the same thought, each thought or motion is actually distinct because it occurs at a different time and/or in a different place. Each person distinguished from another by his diversity of experience; as such, one can identify a person based on the experiences about which he is conscious. Lockes account of personal identity is open to several criticisms: one, that it violates transitivity, and two, that it is a circular argument.Each person, according to Locke, is a thinking intelligent being that has reason and reflection, and can consider itself as itself, the same thinking thing in different times and places (Ariew Watkins 321). Each person is able to do this because they possess consciousness, which goes hand-in-hand with thought. When a person perceives something, he is aware that he perceives it, and therefore Locke argues that one cannot think without being conscious of it. It is through this consciousness that a person knows that he is, indeed, himself: By this everyone is to himself that which he calls self (AW 322). He is, therefore, able to distinguish himself from all other thinking beings.In this manner, a person can both define his personal identity as distinct and also use it to determine the sameness of his personal identity over time, regardless of the changes that take place in the body in which his consciousness presently resides. In defining identity, there are two types of philosophers: absolute identity theorists, who believe that for a person to be himself ever y aspect of his self, including the people around him, must remain the same, and relative identity theorists, who allow for a more lenient view of identity. As a relative identity theorist, Locke argues that not all aspects of a man are required to be unchanging for his identity to remain the same. He asserts that if some X exists that is both F and G, and some Y exists that is also both F and G, then it is possible for F of X to be equal to F of Y, despite the fact that G of X is not equal to G of Y. Take, for example, a man who at one moment in time possesses all of his limbs. Let X represent the composite of his mind and body at this time. Now imagine at a second moment in time, when this man has lost an arm and now possesses only one. Allow Y to represent the composite of his mind and body at time two. If F is taken to be the mans mind, and G is taken to be his body (as defined by its set of physical simples), it can be said that X and Y are the same F, but not the same G . Therefore, although the man has become a different substance, he remains the same person so long as his remaining parts are united by the same consciousness that once united all his parts.The proof of this sameness, Locke reasons, lies in memory. Just as man can know at one particular moment that he is himself, based on that which his consciousness identifies as himself, he is also able to assert that his identity reaches as far back as his consciousness can recall. That is, if he remembers being himself in the past, and exists now with the same consciousness as he did previously, the self that now reflects on the past person is, in fact, the same person. Locke points out one problem in his argument: that over the course of a mans life, his consciousness is regularly interrupted by forgetfulness, and he is not always able to reflect on the past. At these moments, when a man loses sight of his past self, Locke acknowledges that it is doubtful whether the man retains his sense of self. He equates this with substance, however, and argues that it has no effect on personal identity, which he sees as a question of what makes the same person, and not whether it is the same identical substance which always thinks in the same person (AW 323). According to Locke, so long as a man sustains the same mental life, he is the same person. If he now acts with the same consciousness that he acted with in previous times, his identity is preserved by the unity of a continuous life, regardless of his current substance.The two main objections to Lockes account of personal identity are the problems of transitivity and circularity. I will first address the former. By the law of transitivity, it would seem that if X is the same F as Y, and Y is the same F as Z, then X should be the same F as Z. The trouble, however, is that Lockes idea of memory does not seem to obey this law. For example, suppose a young boy steals a candy bar. He later grows into a law-abiding, honest young man, but can still remember being a young candy thief. Even later, the young man grows into a retired elderly man who can remember being the young man, but not the thieving child. The common-sense view of transitivity would argue that the old man is the same person as the young boy because although he does not remember being the young boy, it is enough that he remembers being the young man who remembered being the young boy. If Locke is taken literally, however, the boy and the young man are the same person, and the elderly man and the young man are the same person, but the elderly man is not the same person as the young boy. How can this be possible?It appears as though Locke is caught in a trap by this argument, and may have to concede that his account of personal identity violates transitivity. However, I find that it is possible to overcome the problem of transitivity. To begin with, if transitivity is being used to prosecute a crime, it is nearly impossible to prov e. Locke argues that a person cannot be punished for something that he is not conscious of. In this case, the old man cannot be prosecuted for stealing the candy bar, since he does not recall being the boy that committed the crime. One argument for transitivity holds that since the elderly man recalls being the young man, and the young man recalled being the boy, the old man is guilty. However, since there is no way to prove that the young man remembered being the boy, or even that the old man remembers being the young man, this argument is useless. There is no way to prove the guilt of the old man.Furthermore, the argument of transitivity is rendered futile if its basic principles are undermined. That is, transitivity relies on the fact that the old man remembers being the young man. A large part of the young man, however, was his memory of existing as, and possessing the same consciousness as, the young boy. If the old man has no recollection of being the young boy, then i t cannot be said that he truly possesses the same consciousness as the young man. Therefore, the old man is not the same person as the young man, and transitivity ends there. If, on the other hand, the old man does recall being the young boy, but has simply forgotten the event of stealing the candy bar, he can still be considered the same person as the young boy: he possesses the same consciousness, despite the fact that it has been interrupted by forgetfulness. In this case, I would argue that the man can, in fact, be punished for the crime of the young boy, even if Locke might argue otherwise.This brings us to the second, more extreme objection to Lockes argument: circularity. The problem of circularity rests in the question of whether the statement remembers that is factive, as knows that is. For a statement to be factive, it must rely on the truth of what is being stated. For example, if a person says that he knows that it is raining, we can be sure that it actually is rai ning. This is a necessary truth in order for his statement to be considered knowledge. The question lies in whether the same can be said of the statement remembers that. If a person says that he remembers that it was raining last Monday, is it necessarily true that it rained at that time? On the one hand, if remembers that is not factive, Lockes account is too permissive, allowing that any later person can be made to be the same as any earlier person. In this example, if it seems to later person that he was the earlier person, then he was, but this can obviously not be true.This argument is reasonable but irrelevant; I believe that remembers that is factive, although it is often incorrectly used in instances where the appropriate phrase would perhaps be thinks he remembers that. As such, it still seems permissive in the sense that it can be difficult to know the truth of a given situation; therefore, a later person may appear to be the same as an earlier person, even if he is, in fact, not. However, to be and to appear to be are two distinct ideas, and despite the possibility that a man may not be able to determine which is truly the case, the fact of the situation does not change. The truth may never be known, but there is still one truth. Locke argues that this truth is known to God, who has seen all that has actually transpired. Therefore, although remembers that may be used incorrectly, when stated properly it is indeed factive.With the consideration that remembers that is indeed factive, Joseph Butler charges in The Analogy of Religion (1997):one should really think it self-evident, that consciousness of personal identity presupposes, and therefore cannot constitute, personal identity, any more than knowledge, in any other case, can constitute truth, which it presupposes. (__)Simply put, Butler attempts to shatter Lockes notion of identity by arguing that if remembers that is to be taken as a factive statement, memory cannot be used to define id entity, as it presupposes the existence of the identity that is being reflected upon. If a man remembers that he has performed a specific action, and memory is factive, then he truly did perform that action, in which case he must already have possessed an identity before he was able to reflect upon it.This objection, while seemingly logical, is nevertheless not applicable to the issue at hand. Although it is true that for one to reflect upon a former identity, that identity must have existed to begin with, and therefore cannot be based solely on memory, this does not disprove Lockes account of the sameness of identity over time. Although the original identity must have been based on something more than memory, Lockes account of the sameness of identity says nothing of the identity itself. It is not necessary for the original identity to be rooted in memory, as this is not all that Locke relies on in his definition of personal identity as a whole (which will be discussed below). The question of sameness simply asks whether a man at Time A has the same personal identity as a man at Time B. Regardless of what this original identity was founded on (Locke argues that it is consciousness), the later memory of this self and the retention of the same consciousness possessed when the original action was performed, is proof that the man at Time B has the same personal identity as the man at Time A.For the sake of argument, let us eliminate the question of memory from our discussion of original personal identity. The man at Time A is a blank slate, watches an operation on television, and thinks that he could never become a doctor, since he feels sickened by the sight of blood. Let us take these perceptions and thoughts as representations of the mans personal identity. The man at the later time, Time B, reminisces about watching this program, and can recall his perceptions and feelings at the time. Memory was not needed to define the identity of the man, but was simply used to connect the man at Time A with the man at Time B.Furthermore, Butlers argument of circularity poses no problem to Lockes definition of identity as a whole because the defining of oneself does not rely solely on memory, but rather on consciousness in its entirety. Identity is based on a mans consciousness about that which he defines as himself based on his thoughts, actions, memories, and reactions. A person consists of all of these elements combined into a single identity, not of several discrete pieces of consciousness (recalling again that Locke allows for forgetfulness and times of sound sleep, and does not argue that it is necessary for all consciousness to remain the same for the person to be unchanged).Returning to the case of the old man, the young man, and the young boy, I think that it is important to distinguish between individual memories and a complete set of memories. As I argued earlier, if the old man recalls being the young boy and has simply forgo tten the single instance of stealing the candy bar, he is still the same person. He still possesses the consciousness that makes him capable of such theft, and can therefore be held accountable for the actions of the young boy. Human beings are constantly losing memories and replacing them with new experiences, but they do not necessarily become different people. Substances constantly lose and gain particles and cells, but these pieces unite to form the same whole substance, so long as the change is continuous and successive, rather than abrupt and complete. The same is true of the components of personal identity. As long as a consciousness moves along a successive path and retains enough experiences to be considered the same consciousness (which I would define as understanding oneself and the world in relation to the same experiences and actions of a person), the self remains the same. If, however, the old man has somehow forgotten all aspects of his boyhood due, for example, to amnesia, he is no longer the same person he once was. His physical body has the same beginning in time and place as the boys physical body, and so may be considered the same, but this is not true for his personal identity. The boys personal identity began when he first began to experience and perceive (at the moment of conception or at the time of birth, depending on ones view of life), whereas the old mans began when the boys ended: at the point in time and space that the amnesia began. The old man is a tabula rasa, as the boy once was, and his consciousness will now be shaped by entirely new experiences, having nothing to do with the consciousness and memories of the young boy. In this case, the mans self should only be examined from its starting point, and he cannot be punished for the actions of the boy. Bodies cannot act on their own, and so it is consciousness alone that makes up a person and dictates his actions. As such, it appears reasonable to punish the person a nd not the body.

International Financial Reporting Standards For Cross...

As more business entities continue to get involved in cross-border capital investments, globalization intensifies and considerable costs are applied to the translation of financial statements prepared under different accounting standards into a comparable form. Multiple number of accounting systems exist which create these differences and accounting is the language of business created by society to present information which reveals the economic health of a company. Like any other language there are many different accounting languages used across various regions of the globe to present this information. The intensification of globalization and the resulting costs of translation have created a demand for an internationally comparable set of†¦show more content†¦For this framework culture can be thought of as the shared values of a society that influence its behavior. It is obvious significant differences in these values exist internationally, and that these differences have an overwhelming effect on all the components of society. With that being said, accounting, as a societal creation, is influenced by these significantly different values as well. Given the objective of adoption and comparability internationally, it is important to look at the effect that culture can have on the implementation of IFRS and the obstacles it presents. After a thorough examination of IFRS and the obstacles it faces because of culture, IFRS will not be able to attain its objective of international adoption and comparability any time soon. The influence of culture on international accounting standards cannot be analyzed without some sort of framework where accounting and social values can be linked. The foundation of this framework begins with the cross-cultural study of Geert Hofstede (1980; 1983). Hofstede’s study tried to distinguish significant aspects of culture that had an effect on people’s behavior in a professional capacity. He did this through a survey of people’s values across 50 different countries and three regions. Values were analyzed on the collective level and were thought to be the most

Vaccine and Immunity Essay Example

Essays on Vaccine and Immunity Essay The paper "Vaccine and Immunity" is a worthy example of an essay on medical science. Immunity refers to the ability of the human body to tolerate the invasion of the pathogen and finally eliminate it from the body. Antibodies are the main basic unit that carries out the function of fighting and naturally eliminating the pathogen from the body. Antibodies detect the pathogens through foreign molecules on the pathogens’ surface. After this, antibodies attach to pathogens surface to execute actions against the pathogen. Antibodies act against pathogen invasion through various processes including the opsonization, neutralization, complement activation, and receptor-mediated cell activation (Long, Larry and Charles 617). Through these actions, the antibodies eliminate pathogens and neutralize pathogen toxins. The action is important in protecting the body from diseases that a person may have had before. Antibodies protect the body through passive or active immunity. The formation of vaccines involves the attenuation of pathogens. Vaccine formation may involve the use of the whole organism like influenza or part of the organism like tetanus bacteria (MacPherson and Jon 95). The introduction of these attenuated or killed pathogens causes antibodies to react against them. However, the production of the most effective immune system depends on live antigens. At this point, the weakened pathogens cannot cause any disease hence function only to cause activation of the immune system. They can trigger the immune system because they contain antigens that activate B and T cells (Chiras 46). Memory cells then store futures of the pathogen for future reference. If a live pathogen causing the disease invades in the future, the body reacts by fast mobilization specific antibodies against the pathogen through the help of memory cells. The elimination of the pathogen in real infection becomes fast after the previous encounter. The action of the immune system ens ures elimination of pathogens from the body without much replication. Through this mechanism, vaccines induce active immunity against pathogens such as measles and poliomyelitis viruses.

Gender Inequality at Workplace-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Gender Inequality at Workplace. Answer: Introduction Gender inequality is a burning issue where an individual is treated disadvantageously because of gender. This inequality is the situation or idea that men and women are not equal resulting in unequal treatment or individual perceptions partly or wholly based on gender arising from gender roles differences. In the Australian workforce, gender gap is still prevalent where women are earning less than men are and less likely to succeed in their careers (Broderick, 2012). Despite of the fact that women are making great strides, gender inequality is persisting at workplaces being a hot-button topic. Research suggests that problem of gender inequality arises when women try to balance family and work and end up carrying care giving responsibilities (Pocock, Charlesworth Chapman, 2013). Gender systems are generally hierarchical and dichotomous that give rise to gender inequality stemming from socially constructed to empirically grounded distinctions. There are various domains where women lag behind including labor market opportunities and political representation. An income disparity is connected to job stratification widening gender gap explaining gender inequality at workplaces (Lips, 2013). Gender discrimination at workplace is a HRM problem and therefore, the following report discusses the issues of gender inequality, challenges that women face at workplaces due to gender inequality and HRM recommendations in overcoming the encountered challenges. Issue Women are successful in overcoming obstacles within workplaces; however, gender discrimination is continuing to raise its ugly head with an unending trend. In Australia, men still out earn women across all occupations and in every industry. From the economic perspective, gender discrimination is a major impediment to economic growth preventing countries from reaching productivity to its potential. There is wide gender pay gap where women are still paid below that of male counterparts, despite of the fact that they are skilled and equally capable. Furthermore, promotion and job status of women is also low or below marks as compared to males having less profitable opportunities. These restrictions are resulting in loss of productivity amounting to 25% because of gender discrimination (Posthuma, Wagstaff Campion, 2012). Gender discrimination is witnessed in HR practices involving HR policies, decision-making and its enactment. Institutional discrimination can occur in HR policies against women from job recruitment to selection in an organization in terms of training, role assignments, performance evaluations, promotion, pay and termination (Kim, 2013). Discrimination against women prevails, as they are under-represented in a particular job and unintentionally discriminated against their credentials. An article published by Forbes stated that gender discrimination accounts for 5% in difference in performance where an organization has 58% of women filling entry-level positions that wind up with women filling only 29% leadership positions (Forbes.com, 2018). Institutional discrimination is also witnessed against women that occur during performance evaluation for determining organizational rewards (compensation), punishments (termination) and opportunities (role assignments, promotions). Face-time is a parameter to measure performance and rewarding employees who stay at office more than others do (Ridgeway, 2014). However, women being the primary caregivers use flexible workplace arrangements as compared to men and as a result face penalties scoring less on face time. Therefore, biasness in evaluation of performance policies also contributes to gender inequality. As a result, women lack job experiences, as it is not available to them in their specific job ladder leaving no space for advancement. Gender inequality can be explained through the Human Capital Theory where it explains that knowledge, skills, experience, training and education of an individual makes them valuable to an organization. The theory states that inequalities between women and men in workplace are due to differences in their experiences and skills, but not due to gender (Cuberes Teigni, 2014). Moreover, the theory explains that women have less favorable jobs due to interrupted careers and undertake different course of education as compared to men. Furthermore, this theory claim that men and women cannot be studied as self-working entities as they face different working life conditions that should be put into social context. This theory believes that women spend more time towards household work, children and family leading to under investment in the human capital (Philippon Reshef, 2012). This is the reason that there is wide gender pay gap prevailing at workplaces, explained by few parameters like work experience and education. Another contributor to wide gender pay gap is glass ceiling effect-providing explanation that gender imposes significant disadvantages at the top levels of job hierarchies that affect career of a person as one goes on. This effect implies invisible barriers preventing women from advancing in their careers or getting promotions (Sabharwal, 2013). Many anti-discrimination laws and policies are undertaken by HRM to support gender equality at workplaces in equal resources distribution and pay. However, the scenario is different posing challenges related to pay, promotion and hiring and job roles due to gender discrimination at workplaces discussed in the subsequent section. Challenges Gender pay gap Workplace Gender Equality Agency (WGEA) in their report stated that there is wide gap in gender pay as men earn more than their female counterparts do by more than $26,000 on average published by The Guardian (Annese, 2018). Women have a long to go before they achieve equal treatment at workplaces. The World Economic Forum made a period for solving this problem that is a slog of 217 years (Fortune.com, 2018). Not a single country is successful in closing its wide economic gender pay gap worsening the economic disadvantage of women and decline in global labor force participation. Women are under-presented in senior positions in business accounting for 22% of managerial positions (Ibarra, Ely Kolb, 2013). There is large growing evidence that specific pay premiums are sources of pay inequality contributing to wide gender pay gap. In an article published by Card, Cardoso and Kline, (2015) stated that women are unwilling to work at high-paying organizations and firms as they are offered wages worse than their male counterparts are. The main findings stated that women receive only 90% of the pay premiums as compared to men and wide gender gap is witnessed in terms of wages to changes in surplus over time. Another study conducted by Gauchat, Kelly and Wallace, (2012) suggested that gender-based economic inequality has influenced occupational segregation being the leading factor for the wide gender pay gap. The results indicate that effects of occupational segregation are the main determinant of inequality in gender earnings, although effects are slightly diminishe d by globalization. Recruitment and promotion The goal of interview process is hiring the most qualified candidate, however an unintentional gender bias get in the way. During recruitment, without knowing the work experience of a candidate, it is expected that male candidates outperform females. In an experimental study conducted by Liebkind, Larja and Brylka, (2016) in Finland indicated that male applicants belonging to majority groups were discriminated as compared to women characterized as feminine depicting implications of gender discrimination in recruitment. Herrbach and Mignonac, (2012) used a sample of 300 employees in a French company to investigate the relationship between their perceived gender discrimination and subjective career success. The results depicted that perceived gender discrimination had a negative effect on womens overall career success suggesting that special attention must be given to women who aspire to achieve high level of competencies or seek work and home life balance. Garca?Izquierdo, Moscoso and Ramos?Villagrasa, (2012) highlighted that fact that gender biasness in promotions is an important issue as it is directly proportional to organizational outcomes. At the entry-level selection, there is wide knowledge gap in regards to promotions as it affects job satisfaction and organizational justice. After survey completion by 213 supervisors and employees from 31 different private organizations, it was found that where there is perceived equity (procedural justice) in procedures like promotion have a positive effect on job satisfaction. Job descriptions While hiring employees, mostly men apply for open positions in companies than women due to the language written in job listings. The wordings are more biased toward one gender adhering to gender stereotypes. According to an article published by the Forbes magazine, the word ninja is used in high tech job descriptions that increased between January 2012 and October 2016 by 400%. In addition, the word dominant increased by 65% in the same time (Forbes.com, 2018). Another study conducted by Kuhn and Shen, (2012) stated that gender discrimination is witnessed in advertisements on Chinese job boards. Job ads that target gender favour men and women are less presented in jobs that require high skill levels. The height, age and beauty of workers are strongly preferred over job skills for male versus male workers. Another study conducted by Horvath and Sczesny, (2016) highlighted the fact that linguistic forms like masculine generics used in job descriptions tend to be cognitively under-prese nted with low inclusion of women. These gender biased job ads showed that female applicants perceived to fit less than males in high-status positions due to masculine linguistic forms in job descriptions. Dubbelt, Rispens and Demerouti, (2016) conducted a study to provide insight into disadvantaged position of women at work. The cross-sectional study showed that gender discrimination was negatively associated with job resources and positively associated with job demands. There were gender differences witnessed in job characteristics posing a hindrance to career success of women. HR Recommendations To provide equal opportunities for women and men, HRM should take up practical steps ensuring gender equality and equal pay. Reassessment of job requirements The companies should hire women for senior job roles and greatly consider the barriers that hinder them from filling it. Employers should take into consideration every type of experience broadening the pool of possible applicants. Expansion of applicant pool and promoting diversity would help to promote gender equity in workplaces (OReilly et al., 2015). Consideration of biases Research suggests that although employers understand unconscious bias, they are not able to believe that it happens at the company (Chant Sweetman, 2012). During hiring, managers should provide resumes with removal of names so that women are not discriminated. Rethinking interview process During interview, questions should be asked, phrased in the same manner to every candidate as different words can elicit varied answers. As a part of recommendation, during interview staging, interview candidates should be of mixed gender for reducing hiring biases. Minimization of gender pay gap As a part of recommendation, employers should not ask women and men about their salaries at their last job, rather every job should have pay range with allowance for special cases. There should also be auditing of payroll by employers increasing pay for women who are short-changed (Shen, 2013). Addressing work-life balance Employers should provide employees to have control over their schedules and no prioritization of time in delivering results in the office (face time over bottom line). Managers should consider helping pay to women for childcare making sure that company is employee friendly reducing frustration and stress in them (Rehman Azam Roomi, 2012). Equal opportunities for all employees Companies should employ processes where all employees are placed on same platform meeting same standards as they progress through their careers. This helps employees to get equal opportunities and same exposure in training and promotions at workplaces (Korpi, Ferrarini Englund, 2013). Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be concluded that gender inequality prevails at workplaces with wide gender pay gap. There is wage inequality where women are receiving unequal treatment based on gender. They are subjected to inequality in HRM practices like pay, hiring, promotion and job roles. 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